Page 35 of the Manual Setting out the m standard Track section 2. The essential requirement for all start lines, straight, staggered or curved, is that the distance for every athlete, when taking the shortest permitted route, is the same, and not less than the stipulated distance with no negative tolerance. The exit from the first bend is marked distinctively with a 0. To assist athletes to identify the breakline, small cones or prisms 0. Races over m are run without lanes using a curved start line.
The other group runs as far as the end of the first bend on the outer half of the track. The separate arced start line is marked so that all the athletes run the same distance.
A cone or other distinctive mark is placed on the inner line of the outer half of the track at the beginning of the following straight to indicate to the athletes of the outer group where they are permitted to join the athletes using the regular start line. For the m and 10,m this point is at the intersection of the m break line and the inner line. The zones start and finish at the edges of the zone lines nearest the start line in the running direction. The arc across the track at the entry to the back straight showing the positions at which the second stage athletes are permitted to leave their respective lanes, are identical to the breakline arc for the m event.
The standard m track and the sprint track with m and m are used for hurdle races. The hurdle positions are marked on the track by lines mm x 50mm so that the distances measured from the start to the edge of the line nearest the approaching athlete are in accordance with the table below. The hurdles are placed so that the edge of the bar nearest the approaching athlete coincides with the edge of the track marking nearest the athlete.
Section 2. IAAF technical regulations. Chapters and Chapters The information in this guide is general in nature and cannot be relied upon as professional advice concerning the design of, or marking out for, sporting facilities and playing areas. No assurance is given as to the accuracy of any information contained in this guide and readers should not rely on its accuracy.
Readers should obtain their own independent and professional advice in relation to their proposed sporting activity. Close menu. Main navigation. Athletics Track and field facilities are usually designed as multi-purpose facilities tracks with playing fields inside. Track events Track events include sprint, middle distance, hurdle and steeplechase events.
The competition area for track events includes the following: Oval track with at least four lanes and safety zones measuring no less than 1m on the inside and outside. Straight with minimum of six lanes for sprints and hurdles. Steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump.
There are three basic types of track surface—synthetic, unbound mineral cinder and grass. All lanes are marked by white lines.
The line on the right hand side of each lane, in the direction of running, is included in the measurement of the width of each lane. All start lines except for curved start lines and the finish line are marked at right angles to the lane lines.
For 11 centuries, starting in B. During the Middle Ages, except for a short-lived revival in 12th-century England, organized track and field all but disappeared. The true development of track and field as a modern sport started in England during the 19th century. English public school and university students gave the sport impetus through their interclass meets, or meetings as they are still called in Britain, and in the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst held the first organized track and field meet of modern times.
Not until the s, however, did the sport flourish. In the first English championships were held by the newly formed Amateur Athletic Club, which opened the competition to all "gentlemen amateurs" specifically, athletes who received no financial compensation for their efforts. This code has lasted to the present day and is the basis of the rules governing the sport. The Amateur Athletic Club gave way to the Amateur Athletic Association in , which has conducted the annual national championships since that date.
Although meets were held on the North American continent as early as , track and field first gained popularity in the late s, after the formation of the New York Athletic Club in In the first modern Olympic Games were staged.
Although initially of limited appeal, the Olympics captured the imagination of athletes and grew steadily, making track and field an international sport for the first time. The IAAF was charged with establishing standard rules for the sport, approving world records, and ensuring that the amateur code was adhered to; it continues to carry out these duties today.
The participation of women in track and field is a relatively recent development. In representatives from six countries formed an athletic federation for women, which merged with the IAAF in Participation by women has grown rapidly in many countries in recent years, particularly in the United States, where many schools have added women's track and field to their athletic programs. Rules and Scoring All races are started by the firing of a gun by an official at the starting line.
For races up to and including one lap of an outdoor track, the runners must stay for the entire distance within lanes marked on the track. There may be six to eight lanes, with each lane usually measuring 1. The winner in each race is the runner whose torso first breaks the vertical plane of the finish line. Races are timed either by mechanical watches or by more sophisticated, electronic photo-timers that can measure finishes to the hundredth of a second.
Sometimes, owing to the number of contestants in a competition, qualifying rounds, or heats, are held to narrow the contestants down to the fastest runners.
Athletes in the field events also have qualifying rounds. In the horizontal jumps and throws athletes are allowed three preliminary attempts if the field numbers more than eight participants. Then the best performers are allowed three more attempts. In the vertical jumps the high jump — and pole vault — the participants are allowed to continue until they have three successive failures.
If two or more contestants tie, the competitor with the fewest failures at the last height cleared is the winner; if still tied, the total number of failures is the deciding factor; if a tie remains, the total number of jumps is considered. Scoring differs according to the meet. Many national competitions are scored on the basis of 10 points for first place, 8 for second, on down to 1 point for sixth.
In international meets, the scoring is 5 for first place, 3 for second, 2 for third, and 1 for fourth. The team with the highest total wins.
For road races, cross-country meets, and walking competitions, the winner is given 1 point, the second-place finisher 2 points, and so on; the finish positions are totaled, and the team with the lowest score is the winner. Track Events The sprints are all-out efforts over the entire distance run. Outdoors the sprints are — yd Indoor sprints are often as short as 50 yd Sprinters use a crouch start in which, after being commanded to get "on your marks" by the starter, the contestant kneels with one knee on the ground and both hands resting behind the starting line.
On the "get set" command, the sprinter raises the knee from the ground in anticipation of the gun. When it fires, the runner will accelerate as quickly as possible from the starting line.
To facilitate a quick start by giving the runner something to push off against, devices known as starting blocks are used. In the longer sprints — m and yd, m and yd — the races are run in assigned lanes for the entire circumference of the track. To ensure fairness for all participants, the start is staggered so that runners farther out from the inside lane start farther ahead of the contestants to their left, who have a smaller circumference to run around; as a result all runners travel the same distance.
The middle distance races range from to 2, m Such is the popularity of the mile that it is the only event of English measure still recognized by the IAAF for record purposes. While the yd In the middle distances, fatigue becomes an increasingly important factor, requiring the competitors to pace themselves so that they can finish the race in the shortest possible time; or, if the race is a tactical one, to be able to summon a sprint at the end in order to defeat the other contestants.
The long distances range from 3, to 30, m 1. Also recognized by the IAAF is the one-hour run, in which the participants run as far as they can within one hour's time.
As with the middle distances the longer the race the less decisive is the inherent speed of the various competitors.
Rather, the endurance fitness of the athletes and their use of various strategies play a more important role. A distance runner with less natural speed than his or her rivals may speed up the pace in the middle of a race in order to break away from and thus disconcert the other runners. Besides the distance races on the track, which usually are no farther than 10, m 6. Because of the varying venues and conditions, no world records are kept by the IAAF for these road races.
Similarly, no records are kept for cross-country races, which, at the international level, are often 12, m 7. Perhaps the most unusual of the distance track events is the 3,m 1. Race walking is fast walking with the stipulation that the walker must maintain unbroken contact with the ground and lock the knee for an instant while the foot is on the ground. The hurdle races require an athlete to possess the speed of a sprinter and the ability to clear 10 barriers In the United States, equivalent distances of yd Women race over m and 8 barriers 84 cm 33 in high.
In both men's and women's races, no penalty is assessed for knocking down hurdles, unless done deliberately with the hand. The rear leg or foot may not trail alongside the hurdle, but must be drawn over the top. In the relay races teams of four athletes run separate distances, or legs. They exchange a hollow tube called a baton within designated exchange zones. The most common relay events are the 4 x m Relay meets are particularly popular in the United States, owing in part to the American school system, which has traditionally placed emphasis on interscholastic team competition.
Field Events Competitors in the high jump attempt to clear a crossbar. The contestant may make the takeoff for the high jump using only one foot, not two.
Over the past half-century jumping styles have changed dramatically, from the "scissors" technique, to the "straddle," to the now-predominant "Fosbury flop. In the straddle, still used by some, the athlete approaches the bar and kicks the lead leg upward, then contours the body over the bar, facedown.
0コメント